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          传染与免疫
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            <p>微生物学第九章传染与免疫</p>
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<a id="more"></a>

<hr>
<h2 id="传染"><a href="#传染" class="headerlink" title="传染"></a>传染</h2><h3 id="传染与传染病"><a href="#传染与传染病" class="headerlink" title="传染与传染病"></a>传染与传染病</h3><p><strong>疾病</strong>：生物体在一定条件下，有体内或体外的致病因素引起的一系列复杂且有特征性的病理状态。</p>
<ul>
<li>非传染性疾病</li>
<li>传染性疾病</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>病原体</strong>：凡能引起传染病的微生物。</p>
<p>✨<strong>传染</strong>（又称感染或侵染）：指外源或内源性病原体在突破其宿主的三道防线后，在宿主的特定部位定居、生长、繁殖，产生特殊酶和毒素，进而引起一系列病理、生理性反应的过程。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>若寄生物在宿主体内长期维持潜伏状态或亚临床的传染状态，则不发生传染病；</p>
<p>相反，当客观条件有利于病原体的大量繁殖并且产生有害酶和毒素时，就导致其宿主发生传染病</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>传染病</strong>：是一类由活病原体的大惜繁殖所引起， 可从某一宿主的个体直接或间接传播到同种或异种宿主的疾病。</p>
<p>传染病的<strong>特点</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li>有特异的病原体</li>
<li>有传染性</li>
<li>宿主能产生免疫性</li>
<li>有流行病学规律</li>
<li>可防可控</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>急性和流行性强的传染病， 在我国古代称为瘟疫。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="决定传染结局的三大因素"><a href="#决定传染结局的三大因素" class="headerlink" title="决定传染结局的三大因素"></a>决定传染结局的三大因素</h3><h4 id="病原体"><a href="#病原体" class="headerlink" title="病原体"></a>病原体</h4><p>病原体的数量、致病特性和侵入方式是决定传染结局中的最主要因素</p>
<h5 id="毒力"><a href="#毒力" class="headerlink" title="毒力"></a>毒力</h5><p><strong>毒力</strong>（又称致病力）：表示病原体致病能力的强弱。不同的细菌其毒力组成有很大的差别， 现把构成毒力诸因<br>素归结为<strong>侵袭力</strong>和<strong>毒素</strong>两方面。</p>
<p>✨<strong>侵袭力</strong>：指病原体所具有的突破宿主防御功能，并在其中进行生长繁殖和实现蔓延扩散的能力，包括以下3种能力。</p>
<ul>
<li>吸附和侵入能力：菌毛在吸附中起着主要的作用</li>
<li>繁殖与扩散能力：主要都是通过产生一些特殊酶完成的，如透明质酸酶、胶原酶、血浆凝固酶、链激酶、卵磷脂酶</li>
<li>抵抗宿主防御功能的能力</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="毒素"><a href="#毒素" class="headerlink" title="毒素"></a>毒素</h5><p>细菌毒素可分外毒素和内毒素两个大类</p>
<p><strong>外毒素</strong>：指在病原细菌生长过程中不断向外界环境分泌的一类毒性蛋白质， 有的属于酶，有的属于酶原， 有的属于毒蛋白。</p>
<p><strong>内毒素</strong>：是G<sup>—</sup>细菌细胞壁外层的组分之一，其化学成分是脂多糖（脂多糖中的类脂A）</p>
<h3 id="传染的3种可能结局"><a href="#传染的3种可能结局" class="headerlink" title="传染的3种可能结局"></a>传染的3种可能结局</h3><h2 id="非特异性免疫"><a href="#非特异性免疫" class="headerlink" title="非特异性免疫"></a>非特异性免疫</h2><p>✨<strong>非特异性免疫</strong>（也称先天免疫或自然免疫）：指先天即有、相对稳定、无特殊针对性的对付病原体的天然抵抗能力。</p>
<p>对人和高等动物来说，非特异性免疫主要由：</p>
<ul>
<li>屏障结构</li>
<li>吞噬细胞的吞噬功能</li>
<li>正常组织和体液中的抗菌物质</li>
<li>有保护性的炎症反应等</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>非特异性免疫与特异性免疫之间联系密切，有时还是密不可分的，例如巨噬细胞的功能</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="表皮和屏障结构"><a href="#表皮和屏障结构" class="headerlink" title="表皮和屏障结构"></a>表皮和屏障结构</h3><h3 id="吞噬细胞及其吞噬作用"><a href="#吞噬细胞及其吞噬作用" class="headerlink" title="吞噬细胞及其吞噬作用"></a>吞噬细胞及其吞噬作用</h3><p>✨多形核白细胞（又称粒细胞）</p>
<ul>
<li>嗜中性粒细胞</li>
<li>嗜碱性粒细胞</li>
<li>嗜酸性粒细胞（嗜伊红粒细胞）</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="炎症反应"><a href="#炎症反应" class="headerlink" title="炎症反应"></a>炎症反应</h3><h3 id="正常体液或组织中的抗菌物质"><a href="#正常体液或组织中的抗菌物质" class="headerlink" title="正常体液或组织中的抗菌物质"></a>正常体液或组织中的抗菌物质</h3><h2 id="特异性免疫"><a href="#特异性免疫" class="headerlink" title="特异性免疫"></a>特异性免疫</h2><p>✨<strong>特异性免疫</strong>（也称获得性免疫或适应性免疫）：是相对于上述非特异性免疫而言的，其主要功能是识别非自身和自身的抗原物质，并对它产生免疫应答，从而保证机体内环境的稳定状态。</p>
<h3 id="免疫器官"><a href="#免疫器官" class="headerlink" title="免疫器官"></a>免疫器官</h3><p>✨中枢免疫器官：骨髓、胸腺、法氏囊</p>
<p>✨外周免疫器官：脾、淋巴结</p>
<h3 id="免疫细胞及其在免疫应答中的作用"><a href="#免疫细胞及其在免疫应答中的作用" class="headerlink" title="免疫细胞及其在免疫应答中的作用"></a>免疫细胞及其在免疫应答中的作用</h3><p>T细胞</p>
<p>B细胞</p>
<h3 id="免疫分子及其在体液免疫中的作用"><a href="#免疫分子及其在体液免疫中的作用" class="headerlink" title="免疫分子及其在体液免疫中的作用"></a>免疫分子及其在体液免疫中的作用</h3><p>✨<strong>抗原</strong>（又称免疫原）：是一类能诱导基体发生免疫应答并能与相应抗体或T淋巴细胞受体发生特异性免疫反应的大分子物质。</p>
<p>免疫原性（又称抗原性）指能剌激机体产生免疫应答能力的特性；</p>
<p>免疫反应性（或称反应原性）指能与免疫应答的产物发生特异反应的特性。</p>
<p>✨凡同时具有免疫原性和免疫反应性的抗原，就是完全抗原</p>
<p>✨ 凡缺乏免疫原性而有免疫反应性的抗原物质， 称为半抗原或不完全抗原</p>
<p>细菌的抗原</p>
<p>✨外毒素和内毒素</p>
<hr>
<p>✨<strong>抗体</strong>：是高等动物体在抗原物质的刺激线，由浆细胞产生的一类能与相应抗原在体内外发生特异结合的免疫球蛋白。</p>
<p>免疫球蛋白：凡具有抗体活性以及与抗体有关的各种球蛋白， 统称为免疫球蛋白</p>
<p>✨IgG 、IgA 、IgM 、IgD 和lgE</p>
<h2 id="免疫学方法及其应用"><a href="#免疫学方法及其应用" class="headerlink" title="免疫学方法及其应用"></a>免疫学方法及其应用</h2><h3 id="抗原、抗体反应的一般规律"><a href="#抗原、抗体反应的一般规律" class="headerlink" title="抗原、抗体反应的一般规律"></a>抗原、抗体反应的一般规律</h3><h3 id="抗原、抗体间的主要反应"><a href="#抗原、抗体间的主要反应" class="headerlink" title="抗原、抗体间的主要反应"></a>抗原、抗体间的主要反应</h3><h3 id="免疫标记技术"><a href="#免疫标记技术" class="headerlink" title="免疫标记技术"></a>免疫标记技术</h3><h2 id="生物制品及其应用"><a href="#生物制品及其应用" class="headerlink" title="生物制品及其应用"></a>生物制品及其应用</h2><p>✨<strong>人工自动免疫</strong>：指采用人工免疫的方法将疫苗、类毒素和菌苗等免疫原接种至人体，使宿主自身的免疫系统产生对于相关传染病的特异性免疫力。</p>
<p>✨<strong>人工被动免疫</strong>：是采用人工方法向机体输入由他人或动物产生的免疫效应物，如免疫血清、淋巴因子等，使机体立即获得免疫力。</p>
<h3 id="人工自动免疫类生物制品"><a href="#人工自动免疫类生物制品" class="headerlink" title="人工自动免疫类生物制品"></a>人工自动免疫类生物制品</h3><h3 id="人工被动免疫类生物制品"><a href="#人工被动免疫类生物制品" class="headerlink" title="人工被动免疫类生物制品"></a>人工被动免疫类生物制品</h3>
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